Background
The battle of Khaybar, which took place in 628 CE (7 AH), is a significant event in Islamic history. It was a conflict between Muslims led by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and a Jewish crew living in the Khaybar oasis of Arabs.
The Jews were constant enemies of the Muslims and aimed to destroy the Muslim community in Madina. They planned to attack the Muslims and even sought support from the Banu Giftan group, promising to share half of Madina’s produce with them after defeating the Muslims.
Furthermore, the Jewish crew had the support of hypocritical individuals in Madina who posed as Muslims but were actually against the Muslims and were informing the Jews about the plans of the Muslim community. When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) learned about the dangerous planning of the Jews and the Banu Giftan group, he decided to take action and protect the Muslim community by attacking Khyber.
Causes of the Battle of Khaybar
The Battle of Khaybar had several causes:
Hostility from Jewish Crews: After migrating to Medina, the Muslim community encountered stress with some Jewish crews residing there, especially those in Khaybar. These crews had supported enemies of the Muslims before, like in the Battle of the Trench.
Breaking Agreements: The Constitution of Medina (also known as the Charter of Medina) established a pact of peaceful coexistence between the Muslims, Jewish crews, and other inhabitants of Medina. Accusations arose that certain Jewish crews in Khaybar violated this agreement by aiding the Quraysh crews, a powerful crew hostile to the Muslims.
Strategic Importance: Khaybar was a prosperous oasis with a network of well-defended forts. Controlling this region would have provided Muslims with several advantages, such as access to vital resources like food and dates—a strategic location for further expansion and defense against potential threats.
Expanding Influence: The Prophet (PBUH) likely sought to establish a secure environment for the Muslim community. Khaybar’s strategic location and the presence of the Banu Nadir crew could have been perceived as potential threats. Conquering Khaybar might have been seen as a way to neutralize these threats and create a safer environment for Muslims.
The Expedition to Khaybar
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) led an expedition to Khaybar, a network of Jewish settlements located roughly 150 kilometers north of Medina. The Jews of Khaybar had broken previous agreements and posed a threat to the growing Muslim community in Medina. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized strict secrecy to ensure the element of surprise. Most of the Muslim army, consisting of around 1,600 carefully chosen and well-equipped men, were not informed of the destination until shortly before departure. This secrecy helped control information and prevent leaks that could reach the enemy. The army included notable companions and seasoned warriors who were prepared for the challenges ahead.
Journey to Khaybar: The journey from Medina to Khaybar traversed a harsh desert landscape. The route was chosen to avoid detection and to ensure the army could travel quickly. Upon arriving near Khaybar, the Muslim army set up camp strategically, offering a good view of the fortresses, which helped them plan their attacks.
The Forts of Khaybar
The fortresses of Khaybar were designed to be highly secure, featuring thick walls, strong gates, and protective towers. They were typically constructed with stone and mud brick and included narrow gates. Each fortress was self-sufficient, with its own water supply and storage facilities, allowing the residents to hold out for a long time. Khaybar was famous for its sequence of fortresses, each with its strategic significance. Some of the main forts included.
Na’im
Na’im was one of the first fortresses encountered by the Muslim army. It was heavily defended and posed a significant challenge to the attackers. The fortress of Na’im was known for its solid walls and fierce defenders. The initial assaults on Na’im met with stiff resistance, highlighting the determination and preparedness of the Jewish crews. During the siege of Na’im, the Muslims faced initial setbacks, including the loss of Hazrat Aamir, who was martyred in battle. However, the continued efforts and strategic planning finally led to the fortress’s capture.
Qamus
Qamus was another major fortress and one of the most fortified strongholds in Khaybar. It was defended by the warriors of the Banu Nadir crew, who were known for their bravery and combat skills. The siege of Qamus was particularly challenging for the Muslim forces.
An-Nizar
An-Nizar was another key fortress in the Khaybar region, known for its strong construction and strategic location. The siege of An-Nizar involved coordinated attacks and the use of siege plans by the Muslim forces. The defenders put up a strong opposition, but the Muslims finally breached the fort’s guards. The capture of An-Nizar further weakened Khaybar’s overall protective network, reducing the subsequent submission of other forts.
Siege and Battles
Initial Assault on Na’im
The Battle of Khaybar began with an assault on the fortified fortress of Na’im, which was one of the most robustly defended positions in Khaybar. The Muslim forces, under the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), faced staunch resistance from the Jewish defenders. The strong fortifications and strategic positioning of the fortress initially hindered the Muslims from making substantial headway.
Marhab’s Challenge and Martyrdom of Hazrat Aamir (RA)
During the siege of Na’im, a famous Jewish warrior named Marhab challenged the Muslims to single fight. Marhab, known for his bravery and fighting skills, presented a significant moment in the battle.
Hazrat Aamir ibn Al-Akwa’ (RA), a brave companion of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), accepted Marhab’s challenge. The ensuing fight was intense and powerful. Despite fighting bravely, Hazrat Aamir (RA) was martyred, delivering a significant blow to the Muslim forces. This event highlighted the high stakes and extreme personal bravery displayed in the Battle of Khaybar.
The Prophet’s Decision to Give the Flag to Hazrat Ali (RA)
Recognizing the need for strong leadership and confidence, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made a key decision based on both strategic insight and, according to some Islamic traditions, divine guidance. As narrated in the hadith of Hazrat Sahl bin Saad (RA):
“That he heard the Prophet (SAW) on the day (of the battle) of Khaibar saying, “I will give the flag to a person at whose hands Allah (SWT) will grant victory.” So, the companions of the Prophet (PBUM) got up, wishing eagerly to see to whom the flag would be given, and every one of them wished to be given the flag. But the Prophet asked for Hazrat Ali (RA). Someone informed him that he was suffering from eye trouble. So, he ordered them to bring Hazrat Ali (RA) in front of him. Then the Prophet (SAW) spat in his eyes, and his eyes were cured immediately as if he had never had any eye trouble. Hazrat Ali (RA) said, “We will fight with them (i.e., infidels) till they become like us (i.e., Muslims).” The Prophet (SAW) said, “Be patient till you face them and invite them to Islam and inform them of what Allah (SWT) has enjoined upon them. By Allah (SWT)! If a single person embraces Islam at your hands (i.e., through you), that will be better for you than the red camels.”
[Sahih al-Bukhari 2942]
Hazrat Ali’s (RA) Fight with Marhab and the Turning Point
Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) bravely accepted the responsibility of leading the Muslim forces in an attack on Na’im. During the battle, Marhab challenged the Muslims once again. Hazrat Ali (RA) courageously stepped forward to face him, and the two warriors engaged in a severe fight.
According to tradition, Marhab taunted Hazrat Ali (RA) by showing off his strength and previous victories. Hazrat Ali (RA) responded with a powerful walkout that broke Marhab’s head, leading to his death. This victory was a turning point in the battle, discouraging the defenders and increasing the confidence of the Muslim forces. Hazrat Ali’s (RA) victory over Marhab played a crucial role in the capture of Na’im.
For known about life and legacy of Hazrat Ali (RA) visit this link: Biography of Hazrat Ali (RA) – The Lion of Allah.
Capture of Other Forts
After the fall of Na’im, the Muslims set their sights on conquering the other forts of Khaybar. The forts were targeted one by one, and the Muslim forces used different siege plans and strategies to overcome the defenses. The capture of Na’im had set an example, and despite their strongholds, the remaining forts began to fall to the Muslim forces. The Muslim forces captured key forts such as Qamus and An-Nizar through coordination efforts and strategic planning.
Surrender and Negotiation of Terms
After conquering the major fortresses, the remaining Jewish crews of Khaybar realized the futility of further opposition. They chose to surrender and negotiate terms with the Muslims. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) agreed to allow the Jewish inhabitants to remain in Khaybar and continue working their lands under certain conditions.
A Poisoned Sheep Gifted to the Messenger (SAW)
After the Muslims’ victory in Khaybar, a Jewish woman named Zaynab bint Al-Harith sought to avenge her people, she prepared a roasted sheep and poisoned it. Zaynab brought the poisoned sheep to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a gift. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and his companions start eating the meat, but the Prophet (SAW) quickly senses the poison. He warned his companions to stop eating.
Hazrat Anas bin Malik (RA) Narrated that:
A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet (SAW) who ate from it. She was brought to the Prophet, and he was asked, “Shall we kill her?” He said, “No.” I continued to see the effect of the poison on the palate of the mouth of Allah’s Messenger (SAW).
(Sahih al-Bukhari 2617)
Aftermath of the Battle of Khaybar
The Battle of Khaybar had significant implications for the early Muslim community. Following their victory, the Muslims gained control over the oasis of Khaybar, which was a major economic and strategic support due to its fertile land and resources.
The Muslims allowed the Jewish inhabitants of Khaybar to remain under Islamic protection, but they had to pay Tribute (Jizya). This victory not only supported the economic strength of the Muslim community but also improved their political power, leading to new partnerships with other Arab crews. The battle’s outcome played a crucial role in increasing Muslim power in the region and growing the spread of Islam.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The Battle of Khaybar took place in the year 628 CE (7 AH in the Islamic calendar). It was a significant battle between the Muslims, led by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the Jewish crews of Khaybar.
The door of the fortress of Khaybar was very heavy. Historical accounts vary, but they often describe it as being so large and heavy that 40 men needed to lift and move it. Some sources suggest it weighed around 900 kg.
Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) lifted the door of Khaybar. This feat of strength is often cited as proof of his bravery and strength.
Many Muslims regard Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) as one of the bravest men in Islamic history. His courage, strength, and devotion to Islam define him, and he played a crucial role in many battles during the early years of the Islamic community.
