The Islamic Calendar: In-Depth Look at Each Month and Its Events

Islamic Calendar

The Islamic Calendar, also known as the Muslim Calendar or Hijri calendar, is a lunar calendar established by the second Caliph, Hazrat Umar ibn Al-Khattab (RA), in 638 AD. It starts from the year of the Hijrah, the migration of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD, marking the beginning of the Islamic era.

Lunar Basis

Unlike the solar-based Gregorian calendar, the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar with 12 months in a year, consisting of 354 or 355 days. Each month starts with the sighting of the new moon, which means the Calendar follows the moon’s phases. This lunar cycle causes the Islamic months to shift yearly relative to the Gregorian Calendar. As a result, the Islamic year is approximately 10 to 12 days shorter than the solar year.

Islamic Lunar Months and Significant Events

In the Islamic Hijri calendar, each month holds historical and religious significance. Here’s a detailed overview of the importance of each Islamic month:

Muharram

In the Islamic calendar, Muharram is the first month and is considered one of the four sacred months during which warfare is prohibited in Arab society. The name Muharram itself means “forbidden,” reflecting the respect and holiness attributed to this month. It is a time for Muslims to engage in additional acts of worship, fasting, and seeking forgiveness from Allah (SWT).

To learn more about the Islamic month of Muharram, visit this link:

• The Month of Muharram: Events, Sacredness, and Practices
• Significance of Muharram ul Haram’s First 10 Days in Islam

Events in the Muharram
Day of Ashura (10th Muharram): The 10th of Muharram, known as the Day of Ashura, holds significant importance for Sunni and Shia Muslims. For Shia Muslims, it commemorates the martyrdom of Hazrat Husayn ibn Ali (RA) at the Battle of Karbala. For Sunni Muslims, it marks the day when Prophet Moses (AS) and the Israelites were saved from Pharaoh by the parting of the Red Sea.

Our website includes a blog series on the Battle of Karbala, discussing its causes, the martyrs, and the battle itself. For more information about Karbala, visit the following blogs.

• The Battle of Karbala: A Tragic Chapter in Islamic History
• The Causes of Karbala: Political, Religious, and Social Dimensions
• The Martyrs of Karbala: Symbols of Solidity
• Sermon of Hazrat Zainab Bint Ali (RA) in the Court of Yazid

Safar

Safar is the second month of the Islamic calendar, following Muharram. The name “Safar” originates from the Arabic root word sfr, meaning “to be empty” or “to be vacant,” likely referencing the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of people leaving their homes during this period.

Historically, Safar has been associated with negative beliefs and superstitions in some cultures. However, these concepts hold no ground in Islamic teachings. Muslims are encouraged to dispel such misconceptions by strengthening their faith, engaging in acts of worship, and relying on Allah’s guidance.

It’s important to note that Safar does not carry specific rituals or observances within mainstream Islamic practice. The month witnessed significant events, such as the Battle of Al-Abwa, where the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions demonstrated courage and faith.

Rabi’ al-Awwal

Rabi’ al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar, holds immense significance for Muslims worldwide. Its name translates to “the first spring,” symbolizing renewal and growth. While not mandated by religious law, this month is often marked by increased devotion and spiritual reflection.

The most notable event associated with Rabi’ al-Awwal is the birth of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), a significant occasion that transformed human history. Muslims celebrate this occasion with Mawlid celebrations, characterized by gatherings, lectures, and acts of charity.

Beyond the Prophet’s (SAW) birth, Rabi’ al-Awwal also witnessed other significant events, including the migration of the Prophet (SAW) to Medina. This month serves as a reminder of the Prophet’s (SAW) life and teachings, inspiring Muslims to strive for excellence in their faith and character.

Events During Rabi’ al-Awwal

Mawlid al-Nabi: The most significant event in Rabi’ al-Awwal is the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), which is widely believed to have occurred on the 12th day of this month. The celebration of the Prophet’s (SAW) birthday is known as Mawlid al-Nabi. It is a time when Muslims gather to remember his teachings, his life, and his contribution to humanity.

Hijrah (Migration of Prophet Muhammad): Marks the Prophet’s migration from Mecca to Medina, which was a pivotal moment in Islamic history. It led to the establishment of the first Muslim community.

Rabi’ al-Thani (Rabi’ al-Akhir)

Rabi’ al-Thani, also known as Rabi’ al-Akhir, is the fourth month of the Islamic Calendar. In Arabic, its name translates to “the second spring.” While it may not have as many widespread observances or major events as some other Islamic months, it holds significance in Islamic history and tradition.

Jumada al-Awwal

Jumada al-Awwal is the fifth month of the Islamic Calendar. Its name, which means “first month of parched land,” reflects the historical climate conditions of the Arabian Peninsula. This month provides an opportunity for Muslims to reflect on their faith, seek knowledge, and engage in charitable deeds.

Events During Jumada al-Awwal

Battle of Mutah: One of the most notable historical events during Jumada al-Awwal is the Battle of Mutah, which occurred in 629 CE (8 AH). This battle was fought between Muslim forces and the Byzantine Empire.

Jumada al-Thani (Jumada al-Akhir)

Jumada al-Thani (Jumada al-Akhir) is the sixth month of the Islamic Calendar. It is a time for Muslims to prepare for the upcoming sacred months and to continue their spiritual development. The month encourages introspection, self-improvement, and obedience to Islamic values.

Events During Jumada al-Thani

Death of Hazrat Fatima (RA): A significant event is the passing of Hazrat Fatimah (RA), the beloved daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who is believed to have died during this month.

To learn about Hazrat Fatima (RA) ‘s life and legacy, visit this link: Who was Hazrat Fatima Zahra (RA)?

Rajab

Rajab is the seventh month in the Islamic Calendar and is one of the four sacred months during which warfare is prohibited in Arabian society. The name Rajab comes from the Arabic root word “Rajaba,” which means to respect or to revere. It is a time for increased faithfulness, prayer, and reflection. Muslims often use Rajab to seek forgiveness and perform additional acts of worship.

Events During the Month of Rajab

Isra and Mi’raj (27th Rajab): The month of Rajab is associated with a significant event known as Isra and Mi’raj, which is believed to have occurred on the 27th night of Rajab. This event marks the Prophet’s journey from Mecca to Jerusalem (Isra) and his subsequent ascension to the heavens (Mi’raj). During this journey, he met with previous prophets (PBUM) and received the gift of five daily prayers to Allah Almighty.

For more information about Isra and Mi’raj, visit this link: Al-Isra and Wal-Miraj: Story of the Prophet’s Miraculous Journey.

Sha’ban

Sha’ban is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar and serves as a preparatory period for Ramadan, the holiest month in Islam. The name Sha’ban is derived from the Arabic root word sha’ba, meaning to disperse or separate. It is a time for Muslims to seek forgiveness, engage in extra prayers, and fast to prepare for the intense spiritual practices of Ramadan. Sha’ban is seen as a month of blessings and mercy.

Events During the Month of Sha’ban

Laylat al-Bara’at (15th Sha’ban): During the month of Sha’ban, one of the most significant events is Laylat al-Bara’at, which falls on the 15th night of Sha’ban. It is believed that on this night, Allah (SWT) forgives the sins of those who seek His mercy and bestows blessings upon the believers. Many Muslims spend this night in prayer (Qiyam ul Layl), recitation of the Quran, and seeking forgiveness.

For more information about this, visit this link: What is Shab-e-Barat? Exploring the Significance and Practices.

Ramadan

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is considered the most sacred month for Muslims. The word “Ramadan” comes from the Arabic root “ramad,” which means scorching heat or dryness. It symbolizes the burning away of sins through good deeds during this holy month.

During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to sunset, abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs. Fasting is mandatory during this month. Other practices include Suhoor (a pre-dawn meal), Iftar (the meal to break the fast), Taraweeh Prayer, Quran recitation, Zakat (charitable giving), and general acts of charity.

Our website offers a category on Ramadan and fasting. It explains all the dos and don’ts for the month of Ramadan, including Tarawih prayers, Suhoor and Iftar rules, and other practices during this holy month. When you visit, you’ll be glad to know your time is well spent, as you’ll get comprehensive information.

Events during the Month of Ramadan

Laylat al-Qadr: This night is believed to be the night when the Quran was first revealed. It falls within the last ten nights of Ramadan and is considered the most blessed night of the year. Worship on this night is believed to be worth more than a thousand months.

To learn more about this night, click the following blog;

• What Makes Laylat-al-Qadr So Special?
• Laylat-ul-Qadr and the Last Ten Nights of Ramadan.

Shawwal

Shawwal is the tenth month of the Islamic (Hijri) calendar and follows Ramadan. The name Shawwal is derived from the Arabic word “shawl,” which means “to lift” or “to carry.” This month is a time of celebration and gratitude for the successful completion of the fast.

Muslims observe Eid al-Fitr at the beginning of Shawwal, marking the end of Ramadan with collective prayers, feasting, and charity giving. To continue the spiritual benefits of Ramadan, it is also recommended that Muslims fast for six additional days in Shawwal.

Dhul-Qi’dah

Dhul-Qi’dah is the eleventh month of the Islamic Calendar and is one of the four sacred months. In Arabic, the name translates to the “month of truce” or the “month of sitting“. During this month, Muslims use the time to plan and prepare for the spiritual journey of Hajj, focusing on repentance (Tawbah) and seeking Allah’s (SWT) blessings.

Events During the Month of Dhul-Qi’dah

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah is a significant historical event that occurred during the month of Dhul-Qi’dah. In 628 CE, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Quraysh crew of Mecca signed a peace treaty at Hudaybiyyah. This treaty allowed Muslims to perform Umrah the following year and established a 10-year period of peace.

To learn more, visit this link: The Treaty of Hudaibiyah- A Clear Victory in Islam.

Dhul-Hijjah

Dhul-Hijjah is the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar, known for the Hajj pilgrimage. It is one of the four sacred months during which warfare is traditionally prohibited. Dhul-Hijjah is a time of greater spiritual significance, as millions of Muslims gather in Mecca to perform the Hajj rituals.

Events During the Month of Dhul-Hijjah

Hajj is a mandatory act of worship for all Muslims who can afford the journey, and it must be performed at least once in their lifetime. The pilgrimage takes place from the 8th to the 12th (or 13th) of Dhul-Hijjah. The rituals of Hajj include wearing the ihram (a specific state of ritual purity), Tawaf (circling the Kaaba), Sa’i (walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah), standing at Arafat, and the symbolic stoning of the devil at Mina.

Eid al Adha is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhul-Hijjah. Eid day begins with a special prayer (Salat al-Eid) performed in the congregation, followed by festive meals, social gatherings, and acts of charity. Muslims around the world perform the ritual sacrifice of an animal.

To learn more about this event, visit the following links;

• Eid ul Adha Traditions: Sunnahs and Recommended Acts.
• Eid-ul-Adha: The Festival of Sacrifice and Devotion.
• Sacrifice on Eid ul Adha: Answers to Common Questions.

These months play a significant role in the religious and cultural practices of Muslims around the world.

Practical Aspects

The Islamic Calendar determines the timing of daily prayers, fasting, and other religious obligations for Muslims around the world. It plays a crucial role in their spiritual and communal life.

Many Muslims use both the Islamic and Gregorian calendars to keep track of important dates. The website IslamicFinder is a valuable tool for finding Islamic months’ dates and integrating the Hijri (Muslim) calendar into daily life. It offers an accurate Hijri calendar, prayer times, and other Islamic resources.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Conclusion

The Hijri calendar, with its wealthy history and profound significance, offers a unique lens through which we can appreciate the rhythm and essence of Islamic life. Combining the wisdom and lessons from the Hijri (Muslim) calendar into our daily lives can inspire us to live with greater mindfulness, compassion, and loyalty. Please take a moment to observe the Islamic Calendar, and learn more about its significance, and its traditions in your daily life.

May we always be guided by the light of the Hijri calendar, finding strength and inspiration in its sacred cycles.